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Ivan Iv. 1st Tsar of Russia (1530–1584)

Tsar of Russian federation

Ivan IV
IoannIV reconstruction by Gerasimov02.jpg

Forensic facial reconstruction of Ivan 4 past Mikhail Gerasimov[1]

Tsar of Russia
Reign 16 (26) January 1547 – 1575
Coronation 16 (26) Jan 1547
Predecessor Monarchy established
Successor Simeon Bekbulatovich
Reign 1576 – 28 March 1584
Predecessor Simeon Bekbulatovich
Successor Feodor I
Grand Prince of Moscow
Reign iii December 1533 – 16 Jan 1547
Predecessor Vasili Iii
Successor Himself as Tsar of Russia
Born 25 Baronial 1530
Kolomenskoye, Grand Duchy of Moscow
Died 28 March [O.S. 18 March] 1584
(anile 53)
Moscow, Tsardom of Russia
Burying

Cathedral of the Archangel, Moscow
Spouses

See listing

  • Anastasia Romanovna
    Maria Temryukovna
    Marfa Sobakina
    Anna Koltovskaya
    Anna Vasilchikova
    Vasilisa Melentyeva
    Maria Dolgorukaya
    Maria Nagaya
Effect
more than...

See list

  • Dmitry Ivanovich
    Ivan Ivanovich
    Feodor I of Russia
    Dmitry Ivanovich
Names
Ivan Vasilyevich
Dynasty Rurik
Father Vasili III of Russian federation
Mother Elena Glinskaya
Faith Russian Orthodox

Ivan Four Vasilyevich (Russian: Ива́н Васи́льевич; 25 Baronial 1530 – 28 March [O.Southward. 18 March] 1584),[ii] unremarkably known in English as Ivan the Terrible (from Russian: audio speaker icon Ива́н Гро́зный​ (help·info) , romanized: Ivan Grozny , lit. "Ivan the Formidable" or "Ivan the Fearsome", Latin: Ioannes Severus, monastic name: Jonah[3] [iv]),[5] was the grand prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Moscow ruler who alleged himself Tsar of all Russia from 1547 to 1584.

Ivan was the commencement Moscow ruler born after its independence. The son of Vasili 3, the Rurikid ruler of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, he was appointed grand prince later his father's death when he was three years old. A grouping of reformers known as the "Called Council" united effectually the young Ivan, declaring him tsar (emperor) of All Rus' in 1547 at the age of 16 and establishing the Tsardom of Russia with Moscow as the predominant state. Ivan's reign was characterised by Russia's transformation from a medieval state to an empire nether the tsar only at an immense cost to its people and its broader, long-term economic system.

During his youth, there was a conquest of the khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan. After he had consolidated his power, Ivan rid himself of the directorate from the "Chosen Quango" and triggered the Livonian War, which ravaged Russia and resulted in the loss of Livonia and Ingria but allowed him to found greater autocratic control over Russia's nobility, which he violently purged with the Oprichnina. The later on years of Ivan'due south reign were marked past the Massacre of Novgorod and the burning of Moscow by Tatars.

Contemporary sources present disparate accounts of Ivan'southward circuitous personality. He was described as intelligent and devout but as well prone to paranoia, rage, and episodic outbreaks of mental instability that increased with age.[6] [seven] [eight] In one fit of acrimony, he murdered his eldest son and heir, Ivan Ivanovich, and he might besides have caused the miscarriage of the latter's unborn child. This left his younger son, the politically ineffectual Feodor Ivanovich, to inherit the throne, a human whose dominion and subsequent childless death direct led to the end of the Rurikid dynasty and the beginning of the Time of Troubles.

Nickname [edit]

The English word terrible is normally used to translate the Russian word Грозный in Ivan's nickname, simply that is a somewhat-archaic translation. The Russian word Грозный reflects the older English language usage of terrible equally in "inspiring fear or terror; dangerous; powerful; formidable". Information technology does non convey the more mod connotations of English terrible such as "lacking" or "evil".[9] Vladimir Dal defines grozny specifically in primitive usage and every bit an epithet for tsars: "courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience".[10] Other translations have also been suggested by modern scholars, including 'formidable'.[eleven] [12] [13]

Early life [edit]

Ivan was the showtime son of Vasili III and his 2nd wife, Elena Glinskaya. Vasili's female parent was a Greek princess and fellow member of the Byzantine Palaiologos family. She was a daughter of Thomas Palaiologos, the younger brother of the last Byzantine Emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos ( r. 1449–1453).[fourteen] Elena's mother was a Serbian princess and her father'south family, the Glinski clan (nobles based in the Grand Duchy of Republic of lithuania), claimed descent both from Orthodox Hungarian nobles and the Mongol ruler Mamai (1335–1380.)[15] [16] [17] [18] Born on August 25, he received the proper noun Ivan in honour of St. John the Baptist, the day of the Beheading of which falls on Baronial 29. In some texts of that era, information technology is too occasionally mentioned with the names Titus and Smaragd, in accordance with the tradition of polyonyms among the Rurikovich. Baptized in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery past Abbot Joasaph (Skripitsyn), two elders of the Joseph-Volotsk monastery were elected every bit recipients—the monk Cassian Bossoy and the hegumen Daniel. Tradition says that in honour of the nascence of Ivan, the Church of the Rising was built in Kolomenskoye.

When Ivan was three years old, his father died from an abscess and inflammation on his leg that developed into blood poisoning. The closest contenders to the throne, except for the young Ivan, were the younger brothers of Vasily. Of the vi sons of Ivan III, only two remained: Prince Andrey Staritsky and Prince Dmitrovsky Yuri. Ivan was proclaimed the Grand Prince of Moscow at the request of his father. His mother Elena Glinskaya initially acted as regent, but she died[19] [20] in 1538 when Ivan was only viii years old; many believe that she was poisoned. The regency then alternated between several feuding boyar families that fought for control. Co-ordinate to his own letters, Ivan, along with his younger blood brother Yuri, often felt neglected and offended past the mighty boyars from the Shuisky and Belsky families. In a letter to Prince Kurbski Ivan remembered, "My brother Iurii, of blest retentivity, and me they brought upwards like vagrants and children of the poorest. What accept I suffered for want of garments and food!"[21] That account has been challenged by the historian Edward Keenan, who doubts the authenticity of the source in which the quotations are establish.[22]

On 16 Jan 1547, at sixteen, Ivan was crowned at the Cathedral of the Dormition of the Moscow Kremlin. The Metropolitan placed on Ivan the signs of royal dignity: the Cross of the Life-Giving Tree, barmas, and the cap of Monomakh; Ivan Vasilievich was anointed with myrrh, and then the metropolitan blest the tsar. He was the first to be crowned as "Tsar of All the Russias", partly imitating his grandfather, Ivan 3 the Great, who had claimed the title of Chiliad Prince of all Rus'. Until then, rulers of Muscovy were crowned as One thousand Princes, simply Ivan Iii the Great had styled himself "tsar" in his correspondence. Two weeks after his coronation, Ivan married his commencement wife, Anastasia Romanovna, a member of the Romanov family, who became the first Russian tsaritsa.

By existence crowned tsar, Ivan was sending a message to the globe and to Russia that he was now the simply supreme ruler of the state, and his volition was not to be questioned. "The new title symbolized an assumption of powers equivalent and parallel to those held by former Byzantine Emperor and the Tatar Khan, both known in Russian sources as Tsar. The political effect was to elevate Ivan's position".[23] The new championship not but secured the throne only also granted Ivan a new dimension of power that was intimately tied to religion. He was now a "divine" leader appointed to enact God's will, every bit "church texts described Old Testament kings as 'Tsars' and Christ as the Heavenly Tsar".[24] The newly appointed title was then passed on from generation to generation, and "succeeding Muscovite rulers... benefited from the divine nature of the power of the Russian monarch... crystallized during Ivan's reign".[25]

Domestic policy [edit]

Despite calamities triggered by the Keen Burn down of 1547, the early function of Ivan's reign was one of peaceful reforms and modernization. Ivan revised the law code, creating the Sudebnik of 1550, founded a standing ground forces (the streltsy),[26] established the Zemsky Sobor (the offset Russian parliament of feudal estates) and the council of the nobles (known as the Chosen Council) and confirmed the position of the Church with the Quango of the Hundred Capacity (Stoglavy Synod), which unified the rituals and ecclesiastical regulations of the whole land. He introduced local self-government to rural regions, mainly in northeastern Russian federation, populated by the state peasantry.

Ivan ordered in 1553 the establishment of the Moscow Impress Yard, and the commencement printing press was introduced to Russian federation. Several religious books in Russian were printed during the 1550s and 1560s. The new engineering science provoked discontent amongst traditional scribes, which led to the Impress Yard being burned in an arson assault. The outset Russian printers, Ivan Fedorov and Pyotr Mstislavets, were forced to flee from Moscow to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Nevertheless, the press of books resumed from 1568 onwards, with Andronik Timofeevich Nevezha and his son Ivan at present heading the Print Yard.

Ivan had St. Basil's Cathedral constructed in Moscow to commemorate the seizure of Kazan. There is a fable that he was then impressed with the structure that he had the builder, Postnik Yakovlev, blinded and so that he could never blueprint anything every bit cute again. Still, Postnik Yakovlev really went on to design more churches for Ivan and the walls of the Kazan Kremlin in the early 1560s likewise as the chapel over St. Basil's grave, which was added to St. Basil's Cathedral in 1588, several years subsequently Ivan's decease. Although more than one builder was associated with that proper name, information technology is believed that the principal architect is the same person.[27] [28] [29]

Other events of the flow include the introduction of the first laws restricting the mobility of the peasants, which would eventually lead to serfdom and were instituted during the rule of the future Tsar Boris Godunov in 1597.[30] (Meet besides Serfdom in Russia.)

Oprichnina [edit]

The 1560s brought to Russian federation hardships that led to a dramatic change of Ivan'southward policies. Russia was devastated past a combination of drought, dearth, unsuccessful wars against the Smooth–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Tatar invasions, and the sea-trading occludent carried out past the Swedes, the Poles, and the Hanseatic League. His first married woman, Anastasia Romanovna, died in 1560, which was suspected to exist a poisoning. The personal tragedy securely hurt Ivan and is thought to have afflicted his personality, if not his mental wellness. At the aforementioned time, one of Ivan's advisors, Prince Andrei Kurbsky, defected to the Lithuanians, took command of the Lithuanian troops and devastated the Russian region of Velikiye Luki. That series of treasons made Ivan paranoically suspicious of nobility.

The Oprichniki by Nikolai Nevrev (1888). The painting shows the last minutes of boyarin Feodorov, who was arrested for treason. To mock his alleged ambitions on the tsar's title, the nobleman was given tsar's regalia before his execution.

On 3 Dec 1564, Ivan departed Moscow for Aleksandrova Sloboda, where he sent two letters in which he announced his abdication because of the alleged embezzlement and treason of the aristocracy and the clergy. The boyar court was unable to dominion in Ivan's absence and feared the wrath of the Muscovite citizens. A boyar envoy departed for Aleksandrova Sloboda to beg Ivan to return to the throne.[31] [32] Ivan agreed to return on status of existence granted absolute power. He demanded the correct to condemn and execute traitors and confiscate their estates without interference from the boyar council or church. Ivan decreed the creation of the oprichnina.[33]

That was a separate territory within the borders of Russia, mostly in the territory of the one-time Novgorod Republic in the north. Ivan held sectional power over the territory. The Boyar Council ruled the zemshchina ('land'), the second division of the state. Ivan likewise recruited a personal guard known as the Oprichniki. Originally, it numbered 1000.[32] [34] The oprichniki were headed past Malyuta Skuratov. I known oprichnik was the German charlatan Heinrich von Staden. The oprichniki enjoyed social and economical privileges under the oprichnina. They owed their allegiance and status to Ivan, not heredity or local bonds.[32]

The first wave of persecutions targeted primarily the princely clans of Russia, notably the influential families of Suzdal. Ivan executed, exiled or forcibly tonsured prominent members of the boyar clans on questionable accusations of conspiracy. Among those who were executed were the Metropolitan Philip and the prominent warlord Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky. In 1566, Ivan extended the oprichnina to 8 key districts. Of the 12,000 nobles, 570 became oprichniki and the remainder were expelled.[35]

Under the new political system, the oprichniki were given large estates but, unlike the previous landlords, could non be held accountable for their actions. The men "took virtually all the peasants possessed, forcing them to pay 'in one year as much every bit [they] used to pay in ten.'"[36] That degree of oppression resulted in increasing cases of peasants fleeing, which, in turn, reduced the overall production. The cost of grain increased ten-fold.

Sack of Novgorod [edit]

Conditions under the Oprichnina were worsened by the 1570 epidemic, a plague that killed 10,000 people in Novgorod and 600 to 1,000 daily in Moscow. During the grim conditions of the epidemic, a famine and the ongoing Livonian War, Ivan grew suspicious that noblemen of the wealthy city of Novgorod were planning to defect and to place the metropolis itself into the control of the Yard Duchy of Lithuania. A Novgorod citizen Petr Volynets warned the tsar about the alleged conspiracy, which mod historians believe to exist false. In 1570, Ivan ordered the Oprichniki to raid the city. The Oprichniki burned and pillaged Novgorod and the surrounding villages, and the city has never regained its quondam prominence.[37]

Prey figures vary greatly from different sources. The First Pskov Relate estimates the number of victims at threescore,000.[37] [38] [39] Co-ordinate to the 3rd Novgorod Chronicle, the massacre lasted for five weeks. The massacre of Novgorod consisted of men, women and children that were tied to sleighs and encounter the freezing waters of the Volkhov River, which Ivan ordered on the basis of unproved accusations of treason. He and then tortured its inhabitants and killed thousands in a pogrom. The archbishop was likewise hunted to death.[twoscore] Almost every day, 500 or 600 people were killed or drowned, merely the official death toll named 1,500 of Novgorod's big people (dignity) and mentioned only about the same number of smaller people.[ citation needed ] Many modern researchers approximate the number of victims to range from two,000 to 3,000 since subsequently the famine and epidemics of the 1560s, the population of Novgorod almost likely did not exceed 10,000–20,000.[41] Many survivors were deported elsewhere.

The Oprichnina did not alive long after the sack of Novgorod. During the 1571–72 Russo-Crimean War, the Oprichniki failed to prove themselves worthy confronting a regular ground forces. In 1572, Ivan abolished the Oprichnina and disbanded his oprichniki.

Pretended resignation [edit]

In 1575, Ivan once once again pretended to resign from his title and proclaimed Simeon Bekbulatovich, his statesman of Tatar origin, the new Thou Prince of All Rus'. Simeon reigned as a figurehead leader for almost a year. According to the English envoy Giles Fletcher, the Elderberry, Simeon acted nether Ivan'south instructions to confiscate all of the lands that belonged to monasteries, and Ivan pretended to disagree with the conclusion. When the throne was returned to Ivan in 1576, he returned some of the confiscated land and kept the rest.

Strange policy [edit]

Diplomacy and merchandise [edit]

In 1547, Hans Schlitte, the amanuensis of Ivan, recruited craftsmen in Frg for work in Russia. Nevertheless, all of the craftsmen were arrested in Lübeck at the request of Poland and Livonia. The German merchant companies ignored the new port congenital by Ivan on the River Narva in 1550 and continued to deliver appurtenances in the Baltic ports owned by Livonia. Russia remained isolated from bounding main trade.

Ivan established close ties with the Kingdom of England. Russian-English language relations tin can be traced to 1551, when the Muscovy Company was formed by Richard Chancellor, Sebastian Cabot, Sir Hugh Willoughby and several London merchants. In 1553, Chancellor sailed to the White Sea and continued overland to Moscow, where he visited Ivan'southward court. Ivan opened up the White Sea and the port of Arkhangelsk to the company and granted it privilege of trading throughout his reign without paying the standard customs fees.[42]

With the use of English merchants, Ivan engaged in a long correspondence with Elizabeth I of England. While the queen focused on commerce, Ivan was more interested in a armed services alliance.[43] During his troubled relations with the boyars, Ivan even asked her for a guarantee to exist granted asylum in England if his dominion was jeopardised. Elizabeth agreed if he provided for himself during his stay.[44]

Ivan corresponded with overseas Orthodox leaders. In response to a letter of Patriarch Joachim of Alexandria asking him for fiscal assistance for the Saint Catherine's Monastery, in the Sinai Peninsula, which had suffered by the Turks, Ivan sent in 1558 a delegation to Arab republic of egypt Eyalet by Archdeacon Gennady, who, however, died in Constantinople earlier he could reach Arab republic of egypt. From and so on, the embassy was headed past Smolensk merchant Vasily Poznyakov, whose delegation visited Alexandria, Cairo and Sinai; brought the patriarch a fur coat and an icon sent past Ivan and left an interesting business relationship of his two-and-a-half years of travels.[45]

Ivan was the starting time ruler to brainstorm cooperating with the gratis cossacks on a large scale. Relations were handled through the Posolsky Prikaz diplomatic section; Moscow sent them coin and weapons, while tolerating their freedoms, to draw them into an brotherhood against the Tatars. The get-go bear witness of cooperation surfaces in 1549 when Ivan ordered the Don Cossacks to attack Crimea.[46]

Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan [edit]

Ivan IV under the walls of Kazan by Pyotr Korovin (1890)

While Ivan was a child, armies of the Kazan Khanate repeatedly raided northeastern Russia.[47] In the 1530s, the Crimean khan formed an offensive alliance with Safa Giray of Kazan, his relative. When Safa Giray invaded Muscovy in December 1540, the Russians used Qasim Tatars to comprise him. Later on his advance was stalled nigh Murom, Safa Giray was forced to withdraw to his own borders.

The reverses undermined Safa Giray's authority in Kazan. A pro-Russian party, represented by Shahgali, gained enough popular support to make several attempts to take over the Kazan throne. In 1545, Ivan mounted an expedition to the River Volga to testify his support for the pro-Russians.

In 1551, the tsar sent his envoy to the Nogai Horde, and they promised to maintain neutrality during the impending war. The Ar begs and Udmurts submitted to Russian potency besides. In 1551, the wooden fort of Sviyazhsk was transported down the Volga from Uglich all the way to Kazan. Information technology was used as the Russian place d'armes during the decisive campaign of 1552.

On 16 June 1552, Ivan led a strong Russian ground forces towards Kazan. The last siege of the Tatar upper-case letter commenced on 30 August. Under the supervision of Prince Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky, the Russians used battering rams and a siege tower, undermining and 150 cannons. The Russians also had the advantage of efficient military engineers. The city's water supply was blocked and the walls were breached. Kazan finally vicious on two Oct, its fortifications were razed and much of the population massacred. Many Russian prisoners and slaves were released. Ivan historic his victory over Kazan by building several churches with oriental features, about famously Saint Basil'southward Cathedral on Red Square in Moscow. The fall of Kazan was just the beginning of a series of and so-chosen "Cheremis wars". The attempts of the Moscow regime to proceeds a foothold on the Centre Volga kept provoking uprisings of local peoples, which was suppressed merely with dandy difficulty. In 1557, the Get-go Cheremis War ended, and the Bashkirs accepted Ivan'south say-so.

In campaigns in 1554 and 1556, Russian troops conquered the Astrakhan Khanate at the mouths of the Volga River, and the new Astrakhan fortress was built in 1558 by Ivan Vyrodkov to replace the old Tatar uppercase. The annexation of the Tatar khanates meant the conquest of vast territories, access to large markets and control of the entire length of the Volga River. Subjugating Muslim khanates turned Muscovy into an empire.[48]

Afterwards his conquest of Kazan, Ivan is said to have ordered the crescent, a symbol of Islam, to be placed underneath the Christian cross on the domes of Orthodox Christian churches.[49] [l] [51]

Russo-Turkish War [edit]

In 1568, Thou Vizier Sokollu Mehmet Paşa, who was the real power in the administration of the Ottoman Empire nether Sultan Selim, initiated the first encounter between the Ottoman Empire and its future northern rival. The results presaged the many disasters to come. A plan to unite the Volga and Don by a canal was detailed in Constantinople. In the summer of 1569, a large force under Kasim Paşa of ane,500 Janissaries, 2,000 Spakhs and a few m Azaps and Akıncıs were sent to lay siege to Astrakhan and to begin the canal works while an Ottoman armada besieged Azov.

In early 1570, Ivan's ambassadors concluded a treaty at Constantinople that restored friendly relations between the Sultan and the Tsar.

Livonian State of war [edit]

Ioannes Basilius Magnus Imperator Russiae, Dux Moscoviae, by Abraham Ortelius (1574)

In 1558, Ivan launched the Livonian War in an attempt to gain access to the Baltic Ocean and its major merchandise routes. The state of war ultimately proved unsuccessful and stretched on for 24 years and engaging the Kingdom of Sweden, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Teutonic Knights of Livonia. The prolonged war had about destroyed the economy, and the Oprichnina had thoroughly disrupted the government. Meanwhile, the Matrimony of Lublin had united the G Duchy of Republic of lithuania and Kingdom of Poland, and the Polish-Lithuanian Democracy caused an energetic leader, Stefan Batory, who was supported by Russia's southern enemy, the Ottoman Empire. Ivan's realm was being squeezed by two of the fourth dimension's cracking powers.

Afterward rejecting peace proposals from his enemies, Ivan had plant himself in a hard position by 1579. The displaced refugees fleeing the war compounded the furnishings of the simultaneous drought, and the exacerbated war engendered epidemics causing much loss of life.

Batory and then launched a series of offensives against Muscovy in the campaign seasons of 1579–81 to try to cut the Kingdom of Livonia from Muscovy. During his first offensive in 1579, he retook Polotsk with 22,000 men. During the second, in 1580, he took Velikie Luki with a 29,000-stiff force. Finally, he began the Siege of Pskov in 1581 with a 100,000-strong army. Narva, in Estonia, was reconquered by Sweden in 1581.

Unlike Sweden and Poland, Frederick II of Denmark had problem continuing the fight confronting Muscovy. He came to an understanding with John III of Sweden in 1580 to transfer the Danish titles of Livonia to John III. Muscovy recognised Polish–Lithuanian control of Livonia only in 1582. After Magnus von Lyffland, the brother of Fredrick II and a former ally of Ivan, died in 1583, Poland invaded his territories in the Duchy of Courland, and Frederick II decided to sell his rights of inheritance. Except for the island of Saaremaa, Denmark had left Livonia past 1585.

Crimean raids [edit]

Ivan's throne (ivory, metal, wood)

In the later years of Ivan'south reign, the southern borders of Muscovy were disturbed by Crimean Tatars, mainly to capture slaves.[52] (Run into also Slavery in the Ottoman Empire.) Khan Devlet I Giray of Crimea repeatedly raided the Moscow region. In 1571, the 40,000-strong Crimean and Turkish army launched a large-scale raid. The ongoing Livonian War made Moscow's garrison to number only 6,000 and could not even delay the Tatar approach. Unresisted, Devlet devastated unprotected towns and villages around Moscow and caused the Fire of Moscow (1571). Historians accept estimated the number of casualties of the fire to be 10,000 to 80,000.

To buy peace from Devlet Giray, Ivan was forced to relinquish his claims on Astrakhan for the Crimean Khanate, but the proposed transfer was simply a diplomatic maneuver and was never really completed. The defeat angered Ivan. Between 1571 and 1572, preparations were made upon his orders. In addition to Zasechnaya cherta, innovative fortifications were set across the Oka River, which divers the border.

The post-obit year, Devlet launched another raid on Moscow, now with a numerous horde,[53] reinforced by Turkish janissaries equipped with firearms and cannons. The Russian army, led by Prince Mikhail Vorotynsky, was half the size but was experienced and supported by streltsy, equipped with mod firearms and gulyay-gorods. In addition, it was no longer artificially divided into two parts (the "oprichnina" and "zemsky"), unlike during the 1571 defeat.[54] On 27 July, the horde bankrupt through the defensive line forth the Oka River and moved towards Moscow. The Russian troops did non take fourth dimension to intercept information technology, but the regiment of Prince Khvorostinin vigorously attacked the Tatars from the rear. The Khan stopped only thirty km from Moscow and brought down his unabridged army back on the Russians, who managed to have upwardly defence force nearly the hamlet of Molodi. After several days of heavy fighting, Mikhail Vorotynsky with the main part of the army flanked the Tatars and dealt a sudden accident on two Baronial, and Khvorostinin fabricated a sortie from the fortifications. The Tatars were completely defeated and fled.[55] The next year, Ivan, who had sat out in distant Novgorod during the battle, killed Mikhail Vorotynsky.[56]

Conquest of Siberia [edit]

During Ivan's reign, Russian federation started a large-scale exploration and colonization of Siberia. In 1555, shortly later the conquest of Kazan, the Siberian khan Yadegar and the Nogai Horde, under Khan Ismail, pledged their allegiance to Ivan in the hope that he would help them confronting their opponents. Yet, Yadegar failed to gather the total sum of tribute that he proposed to the tsar and and so Ivan did nix to salve his inefficient vassal. In 1563, Yadegar was overthrown and killed by Khan Kuchum, who denied any tribute to Moscow.

In 1558, Ivan gave the Stroganov merchant family the patent for colonising "the abundant region along the Kama River", and, in 1574, lands over the Ural Mountains along the rivers Tura and Tobol. The family also received permission to build forts forth the Ob River and the Irtysh River. Around 1577, the Stroganovs engaged the Cossack leader Yermak Timofeyevich to protect their lands from attacks of the Siberian Khan Kuchum.

In 1580, Yermak started his conquest of Siberia. With some 540 Cossacks, he started to penetrate territories that were tributary to Kuchum. Yermak pressured and persuaded the various family-based tribes to alter their loyalties and to become tributaries of Russian federation. Some agreed voluntarily because they were offered better terms than with Kuchum, but others were forced. He as well established distant forts in the newly conquered lands. The campaign was successful, and the Cossacks managed to defeat the Siberian regular army in the Boxing of Chuvash Cape, but Yermak all the same needed reinforcements. He sent an envoy to Ivan the Terrible with a message that proclaimed Yermak-conquered Siberia to be part of Russia to the dismay of the Stroganovs, who had planned to keep Siberia for themselves. Ivan agreed to reinforce the Cossacks with his streltsy, merely the disengagement sent to Siberia died of starvation without any benefit. The Cossacks were defeated by the local peoples, Yermak died and the survivors immediately left Siberia. Only in 1586, two years after the death of Ivan, would the Russians manage to gain a foothold in Siberia by founding the urban center of Tyumen.

Personal life [edit]

Marriages and children [edit]

Ivan the Terrible had at to the lowest degree half-dozen (mayhap viii) wives, although only four of them were recognised by the Church. 3 of them were allegedly poisoned past his enemies or by rivaling aristocratic families who wanted to promote their daughters to be his brides.[nine]

  1. Anastasia Romanovna (in 1547–1560, death):
    • Tsarevna Anna Ivanovna (x August 1548 – twenty July 1550)
    • Tsarevna Maria Ivanovna (17 March 1551 – young)
    • Tsarevich Dmitri Ivanovich (October 1552 – 26 June 1553)
    • Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich (28 March 1554 – nineteen November 1581)
    • Tsarevna Eudoxia Ivanovna (26 Feb 1556 – June 1558)
    • Tsar Feodor I of Russia (31 May 1557 – 6 Jan 1598)
  2. Maria Temryukovna (in 1561–1569, death):
    • Tsarevich Vasili Ivanovich (21 March 1563 – three May 1563)
  3. Marfa Sobakina (28 October – thirteen November 1571, expiry)
  4. Anna Koltovskaya (in 1572, sent to monastery). This was the last of his church-authorized weddings. She was afterward canonized as Saint Daria (locally-venerated saint).[57]
  5. Anna Vasilchikova (in 1575/76, sent to monastery)
  6. Vasilisa Melentyeva (?–1579) (existence disputed)
  7. Maria Dolgorukaya (1580) (beingness disputed)
  8. Maria Nagaya (from 1580), widow:
    • Tsarevich Dmitri Ivanovich (xix October 1582 – 15 May 1591) He was later canonized as Saint Correct-Believing Demetrius of Uglich and Moscow, tsarevich.[58]

In 1581, Ivan beat out his pregnant daughter-in-law, Yelena Sheremeteva, for wearing immodest article of clothing, which may have caused her to endure a miscarriage. Upon learning of the altercation, his second son, as well named Ivan, engaged in a heated statement with his begetter. The argument concluded with the elderberry Ivan fatally hit his son in the caput with his pointed staff.[59] The consequence is depicted in the famous painting by Ilya Repin, Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan on Friday, sixteen November 1581, better known as Ivan the Terrible killing his son.

Arts [edit]

Ivan was a poet and a composer of considerable talent. His Orthodox liturgical hymn, "Stichiron No. i in Honor of St. Peter", and fragments of his letters were put into music by the Soviet composer Rodion Shchedrin. The recording, the first Soviet-produced CD, was released in 1988 to marker the millennium of Christianity in Russia.[lx] [61]

Epistles [edit]

D. S. Mirsky called Ivan "a pamphleteer of genius".[62] The messages are oftentimes the but existing source on Ivan'due south personality and provide crucial information on his reign, but Harvard professor Edward 50. Keenan has argued that the letters are 17th-century forgeries. That contention, however, has non been widely accepted, and most other scholars, such equally John Fennell and Ruslan Skrynnikov, take continued to argue for their authenticity. Contempo archival discoveries of 16th-century copies of the letters strengthen the argument for their authenticity.[63] [64]

Religion [edit]

Ivan was a devoted[40] follower of Christian Orthodoxy but in his own specific manner. He placed the most emphasis on defending the divine right of the ruler to unlimited power under God.[65] Some scholars explicate the sadistic and fell deeds of Ivan the Terrible with the religious concepts of the 16th century,[66] which included drowning and roasting people alive or torturing victims with boiling or freezing water, respective to the torments of Hell. That was consequent with Ivan's view of being God's representative on Earth with a sacred right and duty to punish. He may also accept been inspired past the model of Archangel Michael with the idea of divine penalisation.[66]

Despite the absolute prohibition of the Church for even the fourth wedlock, Ivan had seven wives, and even while his seventh wife was alive, he was negotiating to marry Mary Hastings, a distant relative of Queen Elizabeth of England. Of course, polygamy was also prohibited by the Church, but Ivan planned to "put his wife away".[67] Ivan freely interfered in church affairs by ousting Metropolitan Philip and ordering him to exist killed and accusing of treason and deposing the second-oldest hierarch, Novgorod Archbishop Pimen. Many monks were tortured to death during the Massacre of Novgorod.[68]

Ivan was somewhat tolerant of Islam, which was widespread in the territories of the conquered Tatar khanates, since he was agape of the wrath of the Ottoman sultan. However, his anti-Semitism was and then fierce that no pragmatic considerations could concord him back. For instance, afterwards the capture of Polotsk, all unconverted Jews were drowned, despite their role in the urban center's economy.[69]

Death [edit]

Ivan died from a stroke while he was playing chess with Bogdan Belsky[70] on 28 March [O.South. 18 March] 1584.[seventy] Upon Ivan'south decease, the Russian throne was left to his unfit middle son, Feodor,[59] a weak-minded effigy.[71] Feodor died childless in 1598, which ushered in the Time of Troubles.

Advent [edit]

The merely authentic lifetime portrait of Ivan Four is embossed on the binding of the get-go printed Apostle of 1564.

Picayune is known about Ivan's advent, as virtually all existing portraits were made after his expiry and contain uncertain amounts of artist's impression.[ane] In 1567, the ambassador Daniel Prinz von Buchau described Ivan equally follows: "He is tall, stout and full of energy. His eyes are big, observing and restless. His bristles is reddish-blackness, long and thick, but most other hairs on his head are shaved off according to the Russian habits of the time".[59]

According to Ivan Katyryov-Rostovsky, the son-in-law of Michael I of Russia, Ivan had an unpleasant face up with a long and crooked nose. He was tall and athletically built, with wide shoulders and a narrow waist.[59]

In 1963, the graves of Ivan and his sons were excavated and examined by Soviet scientists. Chemical and structural assay of his remains disproved earlier suggestions that Ivan suffered from syphilis or that he was poisoned by arsenic or strangled. At the fourth dimension of his death, he was 178 cm tall (5 ft. 10 in.) and weighed 85–90 kg (187–198 lb.). His trunk was rather asymmetrical, had a big amount of osteophytes uncharacteristic of his age and independent excessive concentration of mercury. Researchers ended that Ivan was athletically built in his youth but, in his final years, had adult various os diseases and could barely move. They attributed the high mercury content in his trunk to his use of ointments to heal his joints.[1]

Legacy [edit]

Ivan completely contradistinct Russian federation's governmental construction, establishing the character of modern Russian political organisation.[72] Ivan's creation of the Oprichnina, answerable simply to him, afforded him personal protection but also curtailed the traditional powers and rights of the boyars.[73] Henceforth, Tsarist autocracy and despotism would lie at the heart of the Russian land.[74] Ivan bypassed the Mestnichestvo system and offered positions of power to his supporters amid the minor gentry.[75] The empire's local administration combined both locally and centrally appointed officials; the system proved durable and applied and sufficiently flexible to tolerate afterward modification.[25]

Ivan'south expedition against Poland failed at a military level, but it helped extend Russia'due south trade, political and cultural links with other European states. Peter the Slap-up built on those connections in his bid to make Russia a major European ability. At Ivan'south expiry, the empire encompassed the Caspian to the southwest and Western Siberia to the due east. His southern conquests ignited several conflicts with the expansionist Turkey, whose territories were thus confined to the Balkans and the Black Sea regions.[76]

Ivan's management of Russia's economy proved disastrous, both in his lifetime and afterwards. He had inherited a government in debt, and in an effort to raise more revenue for his expansionist wars, he instituted a series of increasingly-unpopular and crushing taxes.[77] Successive wars drained Russian federation of manpower and resource and brought information technology "to the brink of ruin".[78] Subsequently Ivan's death, his empire's virtually-ruined economy contributed to the decline of his ain Rurik dynasty, leading to the "Time of Troubles".

Posthumous reputation [edit]

Ivan'due south notorious outbursts and autocratic whims helped characterise the position of tsar as one accountable to no earthly authority but only to God.[25] Tsarist absolutism faced few serious challenges until the 19th century. The earliest and most influential account of his reign prior to 1917 was by the historian N.K.Karamzin, who described Ivan as a 'tormentor' of his people, particularly from 1560, though even after that appointment Karamzin believed in that location was a mix of 'good' and 'evil' in his character. In 1922, the historian Robert Wipper - who later returned to his native Latvia to avoid living nether communist dominion - wrote a biography that reassessed Ivan as a monarch "who loved the ordinary people" and praised his agrarian reforms.[79]

In the 1920s, Mikhail Pokrovsky, who dominated the study of history in the Soviet Union, attributed the success of the Oprichnina to their existence on the side of the small state owners and townsfolk in a decades-long class struggle against the large landowners, and downgraded Ivan'south role to that of the instrument of the emerging Russian bourgeoisie. But in February 1941, the poet Boris Pasternak observantly remarked in a letter of the alphabet to his cousin that "the new cult, openly proselytized, is Ivan the Terrible, the Oprichnina, the brutality."[lxxx] Joseph Stalin, who had read Wipper's biography had decided that Soviet historians should praise the role of strong leaders, such as Ivan, Alexander Nevsky and Peter the Great, who had strengthened and expanded Russia.[81] In mail service-Soviet Russia, a campaign has been run to seek the granting of sainthood to Ivan Four.[82] only the Russian Orthodox Church opposed the idea.[83]

A outcome was that the author Alexei Tolstoy began work on a stage version of Ivan's life, and Sergei Eisenstein began what was to be a three office film tribute to Ivan. Both projects were personally supervised by Stalin, at a time when the Soviet Union was engaged in a war with Nazi Germany. He read the scripts of Tolstoy's play and the first of Eisenstein's films in tandem afterward the Battle of Kursk in 1943, praised Eisenstein'south version just rejected Tolstoy's. It took Tolstoy until 1944 to write a version that satisfied the dictator.[84] Eisenstein's success with Ivan the Terrible Role one was not repeated with the follow-up, The Boyar'southward Revolt, which angered Stalin because information technology portrayed a human suffering pangs of conscience. Stalin told Eisenstein: "Ivan the Terrible was very cruel. Yous can show that he was cruel, but y'all have to bear witness why it was essential to be vicious. One of Ivan the Terrible'southward mistakes was that he didn't finish off the five major families."[85] The picture was suppressed until 1958.

The get-go statue of Ivan the Terrible was officially open in Oryol, Russia in 2016. Formally, the statue was unveiled in honor of the 450th anniversary of the founding of Oryol, a Russian city of about 310,000 that was established every bit a fortress to defend Moscow's southern borders. Informally, there was a big political subtext. The opposition thinks that Ivan the Terrible's rehabilitation echoes of Stalin'due south era. The erection of the statue was vastly covered in international media similar The Guardian,[86] The Washington Post,[87] Politico,[88] and others.

The Russian Orthodox Church officially supported the erection of the monument.

  • Ivan was a popular character in Russian and Bulgarian folklore.
  • In archetype Russian literature, Ivan appears in such famous works as Prince Serebrenni, The Vocal of the Merchant Kalashnikov, The Tsar'due south Bride and others.
  • The paradigm of Ivan is played out in numerous operas (The Maid of Pskov, The Tsar's Bride, Ivan IV of Bizet etc.) and ballet Ivan the Terrible of Prokofiev.
  • The Soviet filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein made two films based on Ivan's life and reign, Ivan the Terrible. The showtime part is about Ivan's early years. The second covers the period of his maturity. A third was planned but never completed.
  • In Night at the Museum: Boxing of the Smithsonian, Ivan the Terrible is the one the trio of henchmen that assist Kahmunrah to conquer the earth, aslope Napoleon and Al Capone.
  • Tsar is a 2009 Russian drama moving picture directed by Pavel Lungin.
  • Ivan the Terrible is a major character in the Soviet-era fiction one-act Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future, based on a play by Mikhail Bulgakov. It was 1 of the almost pop films in the Soviet Matrimony in 1973 and sold more than than 60 meg tickets.[89]
  • Ivan appears as a major character in the novel The Ringed Castle (1971), the fifth of the half dozen novels in Dorothy Dunnett'south historical fiction series, the Lymond Chronicles.
  • Ivan was portrayed on BBC Radio 4 past David Threlfall in the radio play Ivan the Terrible: Accented Power, written by Mike Walker and which was the first play in the first series of Tsar.[xc] The play was broadcast on 11 September 2016.
  • A monstrous Rider version of Ivan the Terrible was depicted as a major character in the mobile game Fate G Order on the second chapter 'Cosmos in the Lostbelt'due south starting time story arc 'Permafrost Empire: Anastasia'. He appears equally a slumbering titan and rex of the man-monster hybrid locals called Yaga, forced into eternal sleep because of the sheer power of his ability to destroy his people and kept it under his rule for virtually 450 years. He later appears as a summonable grapheme with the body of the monstrous version from the Lost Belt.

See as well [edit]

  • Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
  • Tsars of Russian federation family tree
  • Tsardom of Russia, history of the Tsardom of Russia

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b c Gerasimov, Thou.1000. (1965). Документальный портрет Ивана Грозного. Краткие сообщения института археологии Академии наук СССР (in Russian). 100: 139–42.
  2. ^ 28 March: This Date in History. Webcitation.org. Retrieved 7 December 2011
  3. ^ "Иван Васильевич Грозный". www.hrono.ru . Retrieved 20 Baronial 2021.
  4. ^ ""Иван Грозный — первый русский модернист"". Год Литературы (in Russian). Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  5. ^ "Ioannes Severus dictus (1530–1584), inde ab anno 1533 magnus princeps Moscoviensis"[1].
  6. ^ Shvidkovskiĭ, Dmitriĭ Olegovich (2007) Russian Architecture and the W. Yale University Printing. p. 147. ISBN 0300109121.
  7. ^ Yanov, p. 208
  8. ^ Del Testa, David W. (2001) Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 91. ISBN 1573561533
  9. ^ a b Manaev, G. (7 Jan 2019). "The madness of iii Russian tsars, and the truth behind it". Russia Across the Headlines. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  10. ^ Dal, Vladimir, Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Bully Russian language, article ГРОЗИТЬ. Available in many editions too equally online, for example at slovardalja.net
  11. ^ Jacobsen, C.G. (1993). "Myths, Politics and the Non-and then-New Globe Order". Periodical of Peace Enquiry. 30 (three): 241–250. doi:10.1177/0022343393030003001. JSTOR 424804. S2CID 146782336.
  12. ^ Noth, Ernst Erich (1941). "Books Abroad: An International Literary Quarterly". Books Abroad. Academy of Oklahoma Printing. 15: 343. ISSN 0006-7431.
  13. ^ McConnell, Frank D. (1979). Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Pic and Literature. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-xix-502572-5; p. 78: "Simply Ivan 4, Ivan the Terrible, or as the Russian has it, Ivan groznyi, "Ivan the Magnificent" or "Ivan the Bully" is precisely a man who has become a legend".
  14. ^ Talbot, Alice-Mary (1991). "Sophia Palaiologina". In Kazhdan, Alexander (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford Academy Press. p. 1928. ISBN0-xix-504652-8.
  15. ^ Madariaga, Isabel De (2006). Ivan the Terrible. Yale University Printing. p. 31. ISBN978-0-300-11973-2.
  16. ^ Maureen Perrie & Andrei Pavlov, Ivan the Terrible, Routledge (2014), p. 26
  17. ^ Francis Carr, Ivan the Terrible, David & Charles Publishers (1981), p. 61
  18. ^ Walter Yard. Moss, A History of Russia : To 1917, Volume 1, Anthem Printing (2003), p. 130
  19. ^ Martin, p. 331
  20. ^ Pushkareva, N. (1997) Women in Russian History. 1000.E. Sharpe. pp. 65–67. ISBN 0765632705.
  21. ^ Kurbsky, Andrey, Ivan IV, The Correspondence Between Prince A.Thou. Kurbsky and Tsar Ivan IV, of Russia, 1564–1579, Cambridge University Press, 1955, 275 pp., ASIN B000X81MHO, p. 75.
  22. ^ "The Kurbskii-Groznyi Apocrypha – Edward L. Keenan | Harvard University Press".
  23. ^ Martin, p. 377
  24. ^ Bogatyrev, p. 245
  25. ^ a b c Bogatyrev, p. 263.
  26. ^ Paul, Michael C. (2004). "The Military Revolution in Russia 1550–1682". The Journal of Military History. 68 (1): ix–45 [esp. pp. 20–22]. doi:10.1353/jmh.2003.0401. S2CID 159954818.
  27. ^ Постник. Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  28. ^ Барма и Постник (Постник Яковлев). ecology-mef.narod.ru.
  29. ^ Постник Барма – строитель собора Василия Блаженного в Москве и Казанского кремля. russiancity.ru.
  30. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Bain, Robert (1911). "Boris Fedorovich Godunov". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Printing. p. 254. This cites:
    • Platon Vasilievich Pavlov, On the Historical Significance of the Reign of Boris Godunov (Rus.) (Moscow, 1850)
    • Sergyei Mikhailivich Solovev, History of Russia (Rus.) (2nd ed., vols. vii–viii, St. petersburg, 1897).
  31. ^ Madariaga, pp. 176–178
  32. ^ a b c Pavlov, Andrei and Perrie, Maureen (2003) Ivan the Terrible (Profiles in Ability). Harlow, UK: Longman. pp. 112–113. ISBN 058209948X.
  33. ^ Madariaga, pp. 179–80
  34. ^ Madariaga, pp. 182–183
  35. ^ Madariaga, p. 183. As the tonsure was the distinctive hairstyle of monastic orders, a forcibly-tonsured boyar was effectively exiled from power past existence made to enter a monastic life.
  36. ^ Martin, p. 410
  37. ^ a b Kropotkin, Peter; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Novgorod". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 839–840.
  38. ^ Ivan the Terrible, Russia, (r. 1533–84). Users.erols.com. Retrieved 7 December 2011
  39. ^ According to the 3rd Novgorod Chronicle, the massacre lasted for five weeks. Almost every twenty-four hours, 500 or 600 people were killed or drowned.
  40. ^ a b Hays, Jeffrey. Ivan the Terrible. Facts and Details.
  41. ^ Having investigated the written report of Maljuta Skuratov and commemoration lists (sinodiki), R. Skrynnikov considers that the number of victims was two,000–3,000. (Skrynnikov R.Chiliad., "Ivan Grosny", Thousand., AST, 2001)
  42. ^ Martin, p. 407.
  43. ^ Dmytryshyn, Basil (2000). Medieval Russia: A Source Book, 850–1700. Gulf Cakewalk, FL: Academic International Press. p. 301. ISBN0-875-69-218-4. OCLC 21443219.
  44. ^ "Russians in London: Government in exile". The Economist. 12 February 2016. Retrieved 12 Feb 2016.
  45. ^ ХОЖДЕНИЕ НА ВОСТОК ГОСТЯ ВАСИЛИЯ ПОЗНЯКОВА С ТОВАРИЩИ (The travels to the Orient by the merchant Vasily Poznyakov and his companions) (in Russian)
  46. ^ Alexander Filjushkin (2008). "Affiliate 1 Russian Military Forces in the Sixteenth Century: Infrastructure of the Russian Army". Ivan the Terrible: A War machine History. Frontline Books. ISBN978-1473815599.
  47. ^ Russian chronicles record about xl attacks of Kazan Khans on Russian territories (the regions of Nizhniy Novgorod, Murom, Vyatka, Vladimir, Kostroma and Galich) in the first one-half of the 16th century. In 1521, the combined forces of Khan Mehmed Giray and his Crimean allies attacked Russian federation, captured more 150,000 slaves. The Full Collection of the Russian Annals, vol. 13, SPb, 1904
  48. ^ Janet Martin, Medieval Russia: 980–1584, (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 396
  49. ^ Chaudet, Didier (2009). "When the Bear Confronts the Crescent: Russia and the Jihadist Issue". Mainland china and Eurasia Forum Quarterly. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Plan. 7 (2): 37–58. ISSN 1653-4212. It would be user-friendly to narrate the relationship between Russia and Islam by its history of conquest and tension. After all, the emblem of the Orthodox Church building is a cross on summit on a crescent. It is said that this symbol was devised by Ivan the Terrible, subsequently the conquest of the city of Kazan, as a symbol of the victory of Christianity over Islam through his soldiers.
  50. ^ "Russian Orthodox Church". Journal of S Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. 17: iv. 1993. Retrieved twenty May 2015. Finally, the Russians, nether Ivan the Terrible, defeated the Tatars in 1552 and firmly established Russian rule. In celebration of this conquest, the arbiter built two churches in the Moscow Kremlin and on the spires of the Church installed the Orthodox Cross over an upside down crescent, the symbol of Islam.
  51. ^ "Church building Building and Its Services". Orthodox World. Retrieved 28 March 2014. Sometimes the bottoms of the Crosses establish on Russian churches will exist adorned with a crescent. In 1486, Tsar Ivan IV (the Terrible) conquered the city of Kazan which had been under the rule of Moslem Tatars, and in remembrance of this, he decreed that from henceforth the Islamic crescent be placed at the lesser of the Crosses to signify the victory of the Cantankerous (Christianity) over the Crescent (Islam).
  52. ^ Kizilov, Mikhail (2007). "Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources". Journal of Early Mod History. 11 (1–2): i. doi:10.1163/157006507780385125.
  53. ^ 120,000-strong, according to Russian cronicles // Новгородская вторая летопись. Год 7080(1572). ПСРЛ т. III, СПб, 1841
  54. ^ Skrynnikov 2015, p. 427.
  55. ^ Skrynnikov 2015, pp. 417–21.
  56. ^ Skrynnikov 2015, pp. 439–41.
  57. ^ "ДАРИЯ". www.pravenc.ru . Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  58. ^ "Благоверный Дими́трий Угличский и Московский, царевич". azbyka.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 20 August 2021.
  59. ^ a b c d Zimin, A.A; Khoroshkevich, A.50. (1982). "Отечественные историки о государе Иване 4 Грозном". Россия времен Ивана Грозного (in Russian). Moscow. pp. 147–51. Archived from the original on 20 March 2008. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  60. ^ "Иван IV Грозный / Родион Константинович Щедрин – Стихиры (Первый отечественный компакт-диск)". intoclassics.cyberspace. 9 Baronial 2009.
  61. ^ Kuzin, Viktor. "Первый русский компакт-диск". rarity.ru.
  62. ^ Mirsky, D. Due south.; Whitfield, Francis James (1958). A History of Russian Literature: From Its Beginnings to 1900. ISBN978-0810116795.
  63. ^ Keenan, Edward 50. (1971) The Kurbskii-Groznyi Apocrypha: the 17th Century Genesis of the "Correspondence" Attributed to Prince A.M. Kurbskii and Tsar Ivan IV. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press
  64. ^ Martin, pp. 328–29.
  65. ^ "Ivan IV | Tsar of Russia". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  66. ^ a b Perrie, Maureen; Pavlov, Andrei (2014). Ivan the Terrible. Routledge. ISBN978-1317894674.
  67. ^ Skrynnikov 2015, pp. 423, 492–93.
  68. ^ Skrynnikov 2015, pp. 350, 361–64.
  69. ^ Halperin, Charles J. (2019). Ivan the Terrible: Free to Reward and Free to Punish. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 58. ISBN978-0-8229-8722-2.
  70. ^ a b Waliszewski, Kazimierz; Mary Loyd (1904). Ivan the Terrible. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. pp. 377–78.
  71. ^ "Fyodor I | tsar of Russia". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved xix November 2019.
  72. ^ Yanov, p. 31
  73. ^ Yanov, p. 69.
  74. ^ Yanov, p. 68.
  75. ^ Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Marking D. Steinberg (2011). "Russia at the Time of Ivan IV, 1533–1598" in A History of Russian federation 8th ed. Vol. i. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 151. ISBN 978-0195341973.
  76. ^ Shrynnikov, Ruslan Thou. (1975) "Conclusion", p. 199 in Ivan the Formidable, translated by Hugh F. Graham. Moscow: Academic International.
  77. ^ Martin, p. 404.
  78. ^ Martin, p. 415.
  79. ^ Maureen, Perrie (2001). The Cult of Ivan the Formidable in Stalin's Russia. New York: Palgrava. pp six, 12-17
  80. ^ McSmith, Andy (2015). Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, The Russian Masters - from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein - Under Stalin. New York: New Press. p. 233. ISBN978-1-59558-056-6.
  81. ^ Perrie, Maureen (1987). The Image of Ivan the Formidable in Russian Folklore. Cambridge, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: Pitt Edifice.
  82. ^ "Russians Laud Ivan the Not And so Formidable; Loose Coalition Presses Orthodox Church to Canonize the Notorious Czar" The Washington Mail service, x Nov 2003.
  83. ^ "Church building says nyet to St. Rasputin". UPI NewsTrack. iv October 2004
  84. ^ McSmith. Fear and the Muse. p. 236.
  85. ^ McSmith. Fear and the Muse. p. 240.
  86. ^ "Russia's first monument to Ivan the Terrible inaugurated" The Guardian, 14 Oct 2016.
  87. ^ "Russia just gave Ivan the Terrible his commencement statue always" The Washington Post, 14 October 2016.
  88. ^ "Russia falls back in love with Ivan the Terrible" Politico, 14 October 2016.
  89. ^ Leaders of distribution Archived 10 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. kinokultura.com (in Russian)
  90. ^ Drama, Tsar, Ivan the Terrible: Absolute Power. BBC Radio 4 (17 September 2016). Retrieved on 2016-11-21.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Bogatyrev, Sergei (2006). "10. Ivan IV (1533–1584)". In Maureen Perrie (ed.). The Cambridge History of Russia. Vol. 1: From Early Rus' to 1689. Cambridge Histories Online. pp. 240–63. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521812276.011. ISBN978-0-521-81227-6.
  • Madariaga, Isabel de (2005). Ivan the Terrible. First Tsar of Russian federation . New Oasis; London: Yale University Printing. ISBN978-0-300-09757-3.
  • Martin, Janet (2007). "Ivan IV the Terrible". Medieval Russian federation 980–1584 (second ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-85916-5.
  • Yanov, Alexander (1981). The Origins of Autocracy. Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-04282-7.
  • Skrynnikov, Ruslan G. (2015). Reign of Terror: Ivan IV. Brill. pp. 439–41. ISBN978-ninety-04-30401-7.

General references [edit]

  • Bobrick, Benson. Ivan the Terrible. Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1990 (hardcover, ISBN 0-86241-288-9). (Also published as Fearful Majesty)
  • Hosking, Geoffrey. Russia and the Russians: A History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004 (paperback, ISBN 0-674-01114-seven).
  • Payne, Robert; Romanoff, Nikita. Ivan the Terrible. Lanham, Maryland: Cooper Square Press, 2002 (paperback, ISBN 0-8154-1229-0).
  • Troyat, Henri. Ivan the Terrible. New York: Buccaneer Books, 1988 (hardcover, ISBN 0-88029-207-5); London: Phoenix Press, 2001 (paperback, ISBN 1-84212-419-half dozen).
  • Ivan IV, Earth Book Inc, 2000. Earth Book Encyclopedia.

Farther reading [edit]

  • Cherniavsky, Michael. "Ivan the Terrible equally Renaissance Prince", Slavic Review, Vol. 27, No. ii. (Jun. 1968), pp. 195–211.
  • Hunt, Priscilla. "Ivan Iv's Personal Mythology of Kingship", Slavic Review, Vol. 52, No. 4. (Winter, 1993), pp. 769–809.
  • Menken, Jules. "Ivan the Terrible." History Today (Mar 1953) 3#three, Vol. 3 Upshot 3, pp. 167–73.
  • Perrie, Maureen. The Image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian Folklore(Cambridge University Printing, 1987; ISBN 0-521-33075-0, 0-521-89100-0).
  • Perrie, Maureen. The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin'due south Russia. (New York: Palgrave, 2001 ISBN 0-333-65684-nine).
  • Platt, Kevin M.F.; Brandenberger, David. "Terribly Romantic, Terribly Progressive, or Terribly Tragic: Rehabilitating Ivan Four under I.5. Stalin", Russian Review, Vol. 58, No. 4. (Oct. 1999), pp. 635–54.
  • Isolde Thyrêt, "The Royal Women of Ivan Iv's Family and the Meaning of Forced Tonsure," in Anne Walthall (ed), Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History (Berkeley, Univ. California Press, 2008), 159–71.

External links [edit]

  • The throne of Ivan the Terrible
  • The holy gospel of Ivan the Terrible
  • Ivan the Terrible with videos, images and translations from the Russian Archives and Country Museums
  • Wikisource-logo.svg Ivan the Czar., versions of a poem past Felicia Hemans.

Ivan the Terrible

House of Rurik

Born: iii September 1530 Died: 28 March 1584
Regnal titles
Preceded by

Vasili Three

 Grand Prince of Moscow
3 Dec 1533 – 16 January 1547 		Tsardom created
Tsardom created Tsar of Russia
sixteen January 1547 – 28 March 1584 		Succeeded by

Feodor I

quarlesblebougge.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible

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